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Posts tagged celtic
Stained Glass: A History
Jul 16th
No one actually knows when stained glass was first invented because it happened before people started recording history. However, some historians reckon that it was first used as a luxury in the homes of affluent Romans in the first century AD. Stained glass was eventually acclaimed as an art form in the fourth century as Christians started to worship candidly and to construct elaborate churches in which to celebrate their religion.
On the other hand, some historians show that there are remnants in pre-Christian ruins that suggest that pagans employed stained glass in their rites. Although we will most likely never really learn the origins of stained glass, it is fairly certain that the spread of Christianity is immediately related to the increased of use of stained glass.
The Gothic Era commenced in the 12th Century and stained glass windows became an important element in the design of cathedrals. It really all started with the novel style of the St. Denis, France, where stained glass windows were used to convey light into the church itself and into the minds of its worshipers. Unfortunately, most of the stained glass in the St. Denis Cathedral was destroyed in the course of the French Revolution, but there are a few pieces left and even some entire windows on display in Europe.
Gothic style stained glass was composed of strong lines, but these increasingly went out of style as the Renaissance began. Throughout the Renaissance, artisans depicted better detail and more delicate colouring in order to add to the realism. Stained glass windows became more like paintings on glass than architectural features and some of the notable elements such as lead lines vanished. Because of the problems in showing the great detail essential to the Renaissance era, the old style, which was original stained glass almost died out.
Since stained glass was used by and large by the Catholic Church, much of the work was smashed during the reign of King Henry VIII after his split with the Pope. However, not only old stained glass windows were damaged, but many of the glass making works were sabotaged too. However, religious strife was not the only cause of the decline of stained glass.
The style of the Baroque period was for more detailed murals, which necessitated the use of clear glass. Therefore, many of the remaining stained glass windows were permitted to decay, and furthermore not many new stained glass windows were produced. In the late 17th century, the public mood returned to the Gothic style of architecture, which produced a renewed interest in stained glass windows.
Artisans still tried to paint directly onto the glass at first, but later tried to imitate the old leaden frames of medieval times. However, since the earlier methods had not been used for such a long time, they had grown to be forgotten and the artisans of the period were unable to reconstruct the exact designs used in Gothic stained glass.
During the 19th century, La Farge and Tiffany created new kinds of stained glass. La Farge was interested in window designs, while Tiffany went into new areas like the Tiffany lamp shade.
These days, stained glass artists are not constricted by religious doctrines, although much of the work they do involves refurbishment. Modern stained glass is also used as the centre pane in front doors, especially uPVC doors, by rich and poor equally in the West.
Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with Waterford crystal vases. If you have an interest in Irish crystal or wedding rings, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring
The Signs Of Love In The Zodiac
May 9th
Many people think that the stars can supply a lot of knowledge about ourselves, our past and our future. This information can include how, when, and with whom we are most liable to fall in love, although it can go a lot further than that too. This is not to say that astrology is the same as a chart of your destiny, so although the one you love may not be a textbook match for you in astrological terms, it does not mean that you should not start a relationship.
There are a few methods by which you can start to understand the universal forces that draw someone to their partner or anyone else. If you learn to interpret or even master these forces, you will also learn how to make any relationship work better and discover yourself at the same time as well.
One of the best ways to begin, is to find a horoscope of yourself that seems fairly truthful. In this way you will discover a writer of horoscopes that you can trust. Not everyone is at the same level of advancement and this goes for horoscope writers too. Some are novices some are experts, most are in the middle and some are charlatans.
Once you have your own pretty truthful horoscope, get one done by the same person for the one you love or would like to get on with better. Try not to read too much into what you imagine you know until you know that you know it. For example, you might be a Capricorn (a ram), so it might sound logical to be weary of a Leo (a lion) as the two animals are enemies in real life. But learn more; do not jump to conclusions.
You can start to compare the two zodiac signs for complementary and contrasting qualities, likes and dislikes though.You can go into as much depth of detail about the ideal zodiac mate for you as you like. However, be very suspicious of letting the zodiac reading rule your life and decision-making. Do not give up on someone just because their horoscope seems to conflict with yours. Rather, use the details you read about the other person to connect better with them.
There really are rather a lot of very informative books and web sites to help you on your quest to work out the particulars of your zodiac match. So do some investigation and have some fun with it. However, be prepared to unearth a few surprises. You will probably find that the author of the book or web site is closer to understanding you by your zodiac sign than you would ever have assumed, which means that the author is almost certainly fairly correct with your companion too.
Once you have been investigating the zodiac for a while, you will look at people differently and you will be very curious about other peoples’ star signs. You will want to know whether you can guess a person’s sign of the zodiac and whether you can forecast his or her reactions.
Owen Jones, the author of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with Welsh love spoons, or Wales in general, go to our website at Welsh Products Online
Wine Glasses
Jun 10th
The growing trend of popularity of wine has led to a boom in things to go with wine like corkscrews, stoppers, coolers, napkins, pouring baskets, decanters, candles, thermometers, bottle jackets, hydrometers and dozens of variations of each accessory from electric versions to manual ones. Needless to say, a lot of these accessories will be used until the novelty wears off and then left at the back of the cupboard.
However, there is one category of wine drinking accessory that no wine drinker should be without and that is wine glasses. They are indispensable, I am sure that everyone would agree. But the good thing about wine glasses is that they are decorative when they are not in use too. A set of six lead crystal wine glasses is a fine-looking sight. And a fine set of glasses correctly shaped for the wine you are drinking will greatly enhance your enjoyment of that wine.
This is because the shape of the glass is very influential on the drinker’s capacity to savour the taste and the aroma of wine. Therefore, it is necessary to use the correct glasses for the type of wine being drunk.
Red wines gain a lot from contact with air, so, aside from opening the bottle an hour before drinking it, you could decant it. The older and heavier the wine, the more air it must have. The next step is to serve the red wine in large glasses. This is not so as to be able to get as much wine in there as possible! A full, normal size bottle contains six servings no matter what glass you use, but a large glass allows you to swirl the wine around the glass, thereby increasing its contact with air.
A large tulip shaped glass is a good illustration of this kind of wine glass and any dark red wine would benefit from being drunk out of such a vessel. Try a Rioja or Bordeaux, for instance.
White wines, on the other hand, do not need to breathe for as long as red wines and are best served slightly chilled. Therefore, the wine glasses tend to have a smaller bowl and a longer stem. The bowl is smaller, because swirling is not essential and the stem is longer, so that the warmth from your hand does not warm the wine up prematurely. Try a Chardonnay, a Sauvignon or a German wine in these glasses.
Champagne glasses are called champagne flutes because the bowl is long and narrow, which allows the bubbles to float through more of the wine than if the bowl were short. This is beneficial for the wine, the taste and its appearance. The stem is also long as with other white wines to diminish heat transfer.
The last main kind of glass is the sherry schooner, which is also used for port. Sherry and port are both heavy reds and so need to breathe, which is one of the reasons why they should be decanted. However, a schooner has hardly any stem, because the warmth from your hand is required to keep the wine at the correct temperature.
Besides the shape of the bowl and the length of the stem, the next most important factor is the quality of the glass and its design. Some people like hand-blown glass and it can be very beautiful, but it also tends to be light and fragile. I prefer to use lead crystal glasses, which are a lot heavier and can take a deeper pattern.
Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with Waterford crystal vases. If you have an interest in Irish crystal or wedding rings, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring
How To Use Dairy Produce: Part 1 – Milk
May 10th
Basic Preparation Of Foods: Dairy Produce.
These basic tips may seem unnecessary for most modern households with a refrigerator, but modern devices can make people lazy and it is well-worth while knowing ‘why’ we must do certain things. It is also worth remembering these tips when refrigerators are not at hand or are so small that they will not hold everything, such as when camping or boating or on holiday in some parts of the world.
MILK:
Milk is known as ‘nature’s perfect food’, because no other food, consumed on its own, can support adult human life. It is of the utmost importance for the growth and development of adolescents, but it must be clean, because bacteria find it very nourishing too and quickly grow in it. If you did not buy your milk pasteurized, then you should scald it and cool it quickly before drinking it.
How To Scald Milk: Rinse a clean saucepan with cold water, pour in the milk and apply heat until bubbles form around the side of the pan. Keep it at this temperature, that is not letting it boil, for 3 minutes. Do not overheat, as milk burns easily. Pour immediately into a clean jug and place in a basin of cold water and cover with a fine cloth to prevent the ingress of flies and dust.
How To Keep Milk Fresh: If milk the is not be preserved in the receptacles in which you bought it, pour it into a clean container, which has been rinsed with cold water. A warm receptacle will cause the milk to stick to the sides and go off much more quickly. Always keep milk covered and in the coolest place in the larder. it is a good tip to remember that draughts usually occur at ground-level and that hot air rises. Never keep milk in an airless cupboard and in hot weather stand the milk in a container in a bowl of water with the cloth covering hanging in the water. The muslin will soak up water, which will evaporate, which dissipates the heat, ensuring that the container remains cool. Keep milk away from strong-smelling foods, as it absorbs smells easily. Never mix old and new milk together.
Sour Milk: Milk straight from the cow is a little alkaline, but as it ages, lactic acid is created and it becomes what is called ‘sour’. Pasteurizing or scalding the milk slows down this process. Milk which is ‘on the turn’ can be rejuvenated by boiling with a pinch of bicarbonate of soda to restore the alkalinity. However, once the milk has gone too far and has curdled, it can be strained through (cheese) cloth, thereby separating the curds from the whey. The curds can be used as a filling for cakes, tarts, scones etc and the whey can be used as the liquid for making scones, cakes and soups etc., as it still has much of its goodness.
Evaporated Milk: Evaporated milk is ordinary milk, which has had some of its water content driven off by heat in some form or another before being canned. Once reconstituted by adding water, it will last only slightly longer than fresh milk.
Condensed Milk: This form of milk is merely evaporated milk to which sugar has been added before being placed in its container. The sugar acts as a preservative and preserve the milk for about a week. Do not keep in the tin, but decant it into a jug or bottle.
Dried Milk: Dried milk comes in a variety of forms and notice should be taken of the instructions on the label. Specialized products can be bought for babies, invalids, convalescents and dieters, all of which contain varying amounts and types of added vitamins and minerals. Usually, they are very much lower in fat content than normal milk.
For deliciousgourmet Traditional Welsh Recipes, please visit our website at http://welsh-recipes.the-real-way.com/ This and other unique content ” articles are available with free reprint rights.
How To Run A Wedding Car Business
May 8th
Have you ever thought about setting up a wedding car company? Although it can be demanding, because you do not want to let anybody down on their big day, it is also fascinating and exciting.
Some of the advantages are that you get to own good-looking cars – maybe a Rolls Royce or a Bentley and they are tax-deductible; you meet new people under happy circumstances and you are in the position to help them have a wonderful wedding day.
It is a very demanding industry, because you always have to bear in mind the requirements of your clients and think about how you can fulfill and extend their’ wishes. That is difficult enough, but you also have to remain competitive. I hope that the following tips will be useful.
1] Take care of the conditions under which you store your vehicles. If you can afford to garage them, they will not collect dust and bird droppings so the paintwork will look better for longer. Do not have a gravel drive, because of possible scratching to the coachwork of the cars.
2] Get one or two really lovely cars. You will need to do a bit of research to find out what couples in your area like, but as a rule of thumb a Rolls Royce or a Bentley are sure bets. Or maybe a stretch limousine. Old vehicles go down well too. Build up your fleet of cars step by step but increasingly. Offer your clients as much choice as you can realistically afford to do.
Many marriage couples will not only require the wedding car, but also cars for the guests. Many of them want limousines or old cars for their wedding day. But a lot of other vehicles are required for the guests. Be adaptable and agree to bedeck the vehicles according to the couple’s wishes with flowers and ribbons.
2] Hire good, compassionate personnel. A fully trained chauffeur is a necessity, but a military style driver can add to your firm’s image.
3] It is a good idea to offer different packages or elements that a couple can use to build a package. So, you could offer transport from the bride’s house to the church as one element. From the church to the restaurant as another element and from there to the chosen hotel, the airport or the railway station, as another element.
4] Make sure that your clients know exactly how long they have exclusive use of the cars for. This is useful for them, so that they know precisely how long they have to take photos, eat or chat.
Transport plays a huge and vital part in any wedding day celebrations. In fact, poorly timed or scruffy transportation can ruin a wedding day. If you let that happen, your firm’s standing will suffer badly, particularly in a town or village. You will need a high sense of responsibility; reliable, well-trained, sensitive staff and high quality cars that look the part. White wedding cars are popular, but other colours are acceptable, especially for the guests.
If you are interested in a Welsh gold wedding ring, or Wales in general, go to our web site at Welsh Products Online
